On this day in 1795, President George Washington signs the Jay (or “Jay’s”) Treaty with Great Britain.
This treaty, known officially as the “Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation, between His Britannic Majesty; and The United States of America” attempted to diffuse the tensions between England and the United States that had risen to renewed heights since the end of the Revolutionary War. The U.S. government objected to English military posts along America’s northern and western borders and Britain’s violation of American neutrality in 1794 when the Royal Navy seized American ships in the West Indies during England’s war with France. The treaty, written and negotiated by Supreme Court Chief Justice (and Washington appointee) John Jay, was signed by Britain’s King George III on November 19, 1794 in London. However, after Jay returned home with news of the treaty’s signing, Washington, now in his second term, encountered fierce Congressional opposition to the treaty; by 1795, its ratification was uncertain.
Leading the opposition to the treaty were two future presidents: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. At the time, Jefferson was in between political positions: he had just completed a term as Washington’s secretary of state from 1789 to 1793 and had not yet become John Adams’ vice president. Fellow Virginian James Madison was a member of the House of Representatives. Jefferson, Madison and other opponents feared the treaty gave too many concessions to the British. They argued that Jay’s negotiations actually weakened American trade rights and complained that it committed the U.S. to paying pre-revolutionary debts to English merchants. Washington himself was not completely satisfied with the treaty, but considered preventing another war with America’s former colonial master a priority.
Ultimately, the treaty was approved by Congress on August 14, 1795, with exactly the two-thirds majority it needed to pass; Washington signed the treaty four days later. Washington and Jay may have won the legislative battle and averted war temporarily, but the conflict at home highlighted a deepening division between those of different political ideologies in Washington, D.C. Jefferson and Madison mistrusted Washington’s attachment to maintaining friendly relations with England over revolutionary France, who would have welcomed the U.S. as a partner in an expanded war against England.
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1600's and 1700's were the height of Absolutism; many think of Louis <span>XIV as the first real Absolute Monarch, because of his achievement in gathering most of the nobles class's power and building the chateau of Versailles to distract them. </span>
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How could we not, when Maniac Magee finally ends with Maniac simply content that "finally, truly, at long last, someone was calling him home" (46.27). After the miles and miles Maniac's seen-better-days sneakers chewed up, the book ends with him heading home to the place he's been looking for this whole time.
The Manga Carta (The Great Charter) is the one of most signifigant pieces of histroy. It recongizes 4 basic humans rights:
<span>(1) No taxes may be levied without consent of Parliament
(2) No subject may be imprisoned without cause shown (reaffirmation of the right of habeas corpus)
(3) No soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry
(4) Martial law may not be used in time of peace.
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These values are still reflected in today's societies and have become the basics of human rights as we know it.
