The White Rose was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from the University of M
unich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for the active opposition of the German people to Nazi oppression and tyranny. During this time the group prepared and distributed six leaflets.
The group was motivated by ethical and moral considerations. In summer 1942, many of the male medical students at the University of Munich were obliged to serve a three-month stint on
the Russian front. The idea was to send all medical students to the Russian front for a period of
three months in order for them to experience the rendering of medical care under fire, and to
work as physician assistants in field hospitals.
Several White Rose members were among them, where they witnessed the horrors of war and the unbelievable cruelty the Germans displayed to the Jews. Some witnessed atrocities of the
war on the battlefield and against civilian populations in the East. One member saw the
Warsaw and Łódź Ghettos and could not get the images of brutality out of his mind.
They appealed to what they considered the German intelligentsia, believing that they would be intrinsically opposed to Nazism. Their leaflets were left in telephone books in public phone
booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken by courier to other universities for
distribution. The leaflets caused a sensation, and the Gestapo began an intensive search for the
Publishers.
In February 1943 a janitor at the university reported students throwing leaflets from a balcony.The student activists were soon arrested and everyone associated with them were brought in for interrogation. Sixteen would eventually be executed and others jailed.
Yet the White Rose had the last word. Their last leaflet was smuggled to the Allies, who edited it and air-dropped millions of copies over Germany. Today, the members of the White Rose are honored in Germany amongst its greatest heroes, since they opposed the Third Reich in the
face of almost certain death.
Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. What are characteristics of young students that might have encouraged them to undertake such a risky endeavor?
2. Does seeing atrocities change the level of risk you are willing to take?
On this day, 74 years ago, three young adults placed their heads beneath a guillotine and prepared to die. Their crime? Speaking out against the Nazis with graffiti and hand-printed pamphlets. Their names? Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl and Christoph Probst. It was a violent end to a peaceful student movement known as the White Rose—one that used the power of language to resist the horrors of the Nazi regime.
The White Rose emerged from a core group of students who attended the University of Munich. Hans Scholl, his sister Sophie, Christoph Probst, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf and a few other friends had spent their teen years under Adolf Hitler’s rule. Most of them were members of the Hitler Youth and the Union of German Girls, youth organizations designed to breed party loyalty and spread Nazi ideals through shared experiences and ideological training. At first, they participated enthusiastically in these groups, but slowly, the friends became more and more disillusioned with Nazism.
The federal government policies after the Civil War in the West affected the Native Indians by taking away their land. Native Indians restricted to reservations, where they settled with small areas of land for their use. The West opened for the white settlers by providing land at a less price. Native Indians stopped to roam in plains, where the settlers started there life as ranchers and farmers. The Dawes Act of 1887 made the Native Indians adopt the life of the American by teaching them to be farmers.
President George W. Bush authorized in 2001, in an effort to help the economic recession a tax cut called the <em>Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001</em>. Even though it helped, it also left the United States heavily indebted.
The American Revolution produced a new outlook among its people that would have ramifications long into the future. Groups excluded from immediate equality such as slaves and women would draw their later inspirations from revolutionary sentiments. Americans began to feel that their fight for liberty was a global fight.
