Africa has been regarded as the cradle of mankind and a place where ancient civilization was recorded long before the advancement of the human culture.
The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted.
Belief in a limited government that protects individual liberties
John Locke is the answer to your question