Answer:
Voltaire
Explanation:
Well it can't be John Lock, he is known for Natural Rights, Purpose of Gov't and Social Contract.
It can't be Newton and I don't know who Kant is, so Voltaire would be your best bet.
Answer: 3 beats.
Explanation: The dot adds half of the value of the note to itself. For example, a dotted half note gets 3 beats - value of a half note is 2, half of 2 is 1 so 2 + 1 = 3.