It should be the first option: nation-state
A C D I think might be wrong tho
Answer:
Despite such efforts, Walker's pamphlet had circulated widely by early 1830. Having failed to contain the Appeal, Southern officials criticized both the pamphlet and its author.
Explanation:
The Great Rift Valley!!
And truth be told I’m not positive on the second answer. :(
A. i think is the best answer