He studied the fossils' age and how tall the mountains are. He also studied how old they are. I don't know about Coal Beds but he also used balloons to find out the continents were once a big supercontinent called Pangaea and they apparantly drifted apart
Jan 02, 1492 is when the Spaniards won their first battle in the war of the reconquest.
Most scholars believe Hinduism started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley, near modern-day