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SIZIF [17.4K]
3 years ago
10

write a paragraph that relates the term czar to the term absolutism by giving two examples of czars and telling how they ruled a

bsolutely.

History
1 answer:
NikAS [45]3 years ago
6 0
Absolutism is a form of government where one person or small group of people have unlimited power.  The term "czar" means "caesar" ("king"), and therefore can be considered a type of absolute ruler.  Ivan the Great of Russia (r.1462-1505) took the title of "czar" after marrying the niece of the last Byzantine empire.  After the fall of Constantinople (and thus, the Byzantine Empire), Moscow became the most powerful city in the Eastern Orthodox Church.  Thus, the "czar" of Russia would from then on claim to be the inheritor of the Byzantine emperor and protector of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Two rulers of Russia stand out as being "absolute rulers":  Peter the Great (r.1682-1725) and Catherine the Great (r.1762-1796).  Peter wanted to make Russia into a modern nation, and forced Russians to adopt European culture.  To do this, Peter created a new class of nobles that were given land in exchange for their loyalty to the government.  Nobles were given total control over their peasants, who saw their freedom decrease during Peter's rule.  To reform the government, Peter created a centralized bureaucracy of non-elected advisers and local governments were placed under the direct control of the czar.  Peter also brought the Orthodox Church under his authority and created a council of bishops appointed by him.  While many of Peter's policies improved the Russian economy, he divided the Russian people.  (See image:  Courtesy of saint-petersburg.com)

Catherine the Great began her rule by seizing power from her own husband!  Catherine greatly admired Peter I and continued to expand and modernize Russia.  Many people consider Catherine's reign a golden age of Russia because she supported the arts, education, and culture.  Despite being influenced by the European enlightenment, Catherine feared chaos and peasant uprisings were brutally crushed by her army.  She allowed nobles to treat their serfs (peasants) however they wished.  More peasants than ever were forced into serfdom than ever before, and their position worsened.  

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Islam placed a high value on education, and, as the faith spread among diverse peoples, education became an important channel through which to create a universal and cohesive social order. By the middle of the 9th century, knowledge was divided into three categories: the Islamic sciences, the philosophical and natural sciences (Greek knowledge), and the literary arts. The Islamic sciences, which emphasized the study of the Qurʾān (the Islamic scripture) and the Ḥadīth (the sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad) and their interpretation by leading scholars and theologians, were valued the most highly, but Greek scholarship was considered equally important, albeit less virtuous.

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Which best describes how the Korean War shaped the attitudes of the American public?
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<span>D.Americans became proud belonging to a powerful nation with a reputation of defeating any challenge on the world stage

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How would you describe the life in the court of suleiman the magnificent court
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The Europeans called him "The Magnificent," but the Ottomans called him Kanuni, or "The Lawgiver." The Suleymanie Mosque, built for Suleyman, describes Suleyman in its inscription as Nashiru kawanin al-Sultaniyye , or "Propagator of the Sultanic Laws." The primacy of Suleyman as a law-giver is at the foundation of his place in Islamic history and world view. It is perhaps important to step back a moment and closely examine this title to fully understand Suleyman's place in history.

The word used for law here, kanun, has a very specific reference. In Islamic tradition, the Shari'ah, or laws originally derived from the Qur'an , are meant to be universally applied across all Islamic states. No Islamic ruler has the power to overturn or replace these laws. So what laws was Suleyman "giving" to the Islamic world? What precisely does kanun refer to since it doesn't refer to the main body of Islamic law, the Shari'ah ?

The kanun refer to situational decisions that are not covered by the Shari'ah . Even though the Shari'ah provides all necessary laws, it's recognized that some situations fall outside their parameters. In Islamic tradition, if a case fell outside the parameters of the Shari'ah , then a judgement or rule in the case could be arrived at through analogy with rules or cases that are covered by the Shari'ah . This method of juridical thinking was only accepted by the most liberal school of Shari'ah , Hanifism, so it is no surprise that Hanifism dominated Ottoman law.

The Ottomans, however, elevated kanun into an entire code of laws independent of the Shari'ah. The first two centuries of Ottoman rule, from 1350 to 1550, saw an explosion of kanun rulings and laws, so that by the beginning of the sixteenth century, the kanun were a complete and independent set of laws that by and large were more important than the Shari'ah . This unique situation was brought about in part because of the unique heritage of the Ottomans. In both Turkish and Mongol traditions, the imperial law, or law pronounced by the monarch, was considered sacred. They even had a special word for it: the Turks called it Türe and the Mongols called it Yasa . In the system of Türe and Yasa , imperial law was regarded as the essential and sacred foundation of the empire. When this tradition collided with the Islamic Shari'ah tradition, a compromised system combining both was formed.

The Sultanic laws were first collected together by Mehmed the Conqueror. Mehmed divided the kanun into two separate sets or laws. The first set dealt with the organization of government and the military, and the second set dealt with the taxation and treatment of the peasantry. The latter group was added to after the death of Mehmed and the Ottoman kanun pretty much crystallized into its final form in 1501. Suleyman, for his part, revised the law code, but on the whole the Suleyman code of laws is pretty identical to the 1501 system of laws. However, it was under Suleyman that the laws took their final form; no more revisions were made after his reign. From this point onwards, this code of laws was called, kanun-i 'Osmani , or the "Ottoman laws."

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