Answer:
Though Sputnik was a relatively simple satellite compared with the more complex machines to follow, its beeping signal from space galvanized the United States to enact reforms in science and engineering education so that the nation could regain technological ground it appeared to have lost to its Soviet rival.
Also US Feared that they created a space and weapons program.
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Argument of value tend to argue whether an act / event is described as something 'good' or ' bad'
so, the type of claim that an argument of value make is :whether something is good or not
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Answer:
The development of new cities-Louisville, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Buffalo-away from the Atlantic coast was possible because they had access rivers that made it easy for them to trade.