Inventors in the industrial revolution
Embracing an area more than half a million square miles, the kingdom of Mali was undoubtedly one of the richest and most prosperous on earth in the 14th century. Its territory touched the Atlantic Ocean to the west and extended as far as the bend in the Niger River to the east. From north to south, it embraced the entire swath of land south of the Sahara to the thick tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The kingdom was richly endowed with gold, salt, cola nuts, and ivory, which were in great demand in the markets of the Mediterranean. But above all, it was endowed with gifted and far-sighted rulers like Mansa Musa.
From our perspective, the important element in Mali was that it was Muslim. This fact made it an integral part of the vast Islamic world. Trade and ideas flowed freely between Mali, North Africa, Spain, Egypt and Arabia. Muslim traders plied the desert with their caravans carrying brass work from Spain, brocades from Egypt, precious stones from India and returned with gold, salt, cola nuts, and ivory. More important was the flow of ideas and scholars. Africans traveled to Mecca for Hajj and brought back books written in Baghdad, Cairo, and Kairouan. Islamic jurists and ulema were in great demand in the learning centers of Sijilmasa, Timbuktu, Mali, and Ghana. African soldiers were very much a part of Muslim armies in Spain, Egypt, and India. Mali was thus a part of the Islamic mosaic contributing its wealth and its resources to the prosperity of Asia and Europe alike.
Before time zones, towns just used the sun and the point at which the sun was highest in the sky to determine noon and time in general. Since this isn't the exact same for all areas in the United States, the train schedules were always off. So, when railroad companies developed the time zones we use today, it made the time the same for vast areas so that everyone was going on the same exact time.
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Former U.S. Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder claims it is "an alliance ... Traditionally,
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