A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. ANA is a screening test and patients with lupus always test positive but a positive test result does not confirm the diagnosis of lupus as the signs and symptoms differ from person to person.
It is possible that people with no or any other autoimmune diseases test positive for ANA but the test results would be less strongly positive in this case as compared to the one with autoimmune diseases.
Once tested positive for ANA test, the person remains positive hence, repetitive future ANA screening is not required. SLE is an autoimmune disease that can affect different organs in different people hence, a combination of tests is required to diagnose lupus and treat it accordingly.
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Proximity to utilities refers to the availability of public infrastructure services.
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Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations.
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