I believe the answer is: D. Benefit
Benefit refers to the positive value that you receive after making a certain amount of sacrifice. This concept could be used when you are choosing a product. Between pencil or t-shirt, t-shirt would definitely offer more benefit in term of functionality and financial value.
The idea of government comes from different proposed origin. As it progressed, the function of government was to govern and manage people that lives under a specific location, time and place. Instead of focusing individually, the time when the conception of government was proposed, society was focused more on groups than individuals hence placed more importance to society than individual as a whole.
If values are abstract cultural beliefs, then norms are how they are put into play.
Sparta was a warrior society. Their primary focus was on military dominance, and to do this they needed a great army. Spartan culture largely revolved around military service, as well as loyalty to the state.
