Explanation:
The physical environment of forests is determined by edaphic (soil) factors and micro-climate (precipitation, light, temperature, and wind). Gas-exchange within forest canopies depends upon the microclimatic condition within the forest, as well as, edaphic factors and water availability.
Answer:
The HDI (Human Development Index) considers three main dimensions to evaluate the development of a country:
1. Long and healthy life of its citizens
2. Education.
3. Standard of living.
Explanation:
1. Long and healthy life
The long and healthy life dimension is measured by life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy at birth is a statistical measure that an average individual is expected to live based on certain demographic factors such as the year of birth and current age.
2. Education
This is a second dimension in the HDI. The indicators of education are the expected years of schooling and the mean years of schooling. According to the UN, the average maximum years of schooling is 18 years, while the mean maximum years of schooling is 15 years.
3. Standard of living
The standard of living is usually measured by the gross national income (GNI) per capita. The GNI indicates the total domestic and foreign output created by the residents of a certain country.
Answer:
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