That's correct - it's a square where on one axis, the paternal allele (allele = one of the possible forms of the same gene), and on another the maternal allele is listed. Often, it's also indicated whether an allele is recessive or dominant.
Then, in the table that results, all the possible "combinations" of allele between the paternal and maternal party are created. If you count how often a certain combination appears, it indicates the likelihood of that combination.
See the picture (though it is directly from Wikipedia, please note). The likelihood of BB is 25%, of Bb is 50%, and of bb 25%.
Characterization and determination of the S/G ratio via Py-GC/MS of agricultural and industrial residues.
<h3>What is the abstract?</h3>
To investigate the potential lignin values, agricultural residues (apple tree pruning, olive tree pruning, and almond shell) and industrial residues (kraft black liquor) were employed as source materials for lignin extraction via various fractionation procedures (kraft, organosolv, acetosolv and acetosolv and formosolv processes). Py-GC/MS, FTIR, and GPC were used to characterise the separated lignins. The fractionation method had a significant impact on the average molecular weight (Mw) assessed by GPC. The severe circumstances of the acetosolv and acetosolv-formosolv procedures favoured repolymerization, resulting in high Mw lignins. Because of the longer retention durations, the EKL had a smaller Mw. Except for almond shell lignin, which has the highest relative abundance of G-type phenols, all lignins have higher relative abundances of S-type phenols.
To learn more about phenols visit:
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Large predators are found at higher trophic levels because specialized bodies are needed to extract the small energy that gets to them.
The energy that gets to successive trophic levels decreases progressively because much of it is lost as heat. This means that a small percentage of the energy from the producers that form the bases of trophic levels to the predators that are somewhat at the top of trophic levels.
With big body size, the bodies of predators are organized into systems that work together to efficiently extract the small energy that gets to them from immediate lower trophic level.
More on the energy from trophic levels can be found here: brainly.com/question/13375401?
Answer:
DNA restriction enzymes cut the DNA molecule, while DNA ligases join the resulting DNA fragments
Explanation:
Transformation is a naturally occurring process by which bacteria incorporate exogenous genetic material from their surrounding environment. This process (transformation) is used for DNA cloning via plasmid vectors. In DNA cloning, transformation occurs after restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific sequences named palindromic sequences (i.e, sequences that can be read the same in opposite direction). Restriction enzymes can generate sticky-ends, where enzymes make staggered cuts in the two strands (e.g., <em>BamH</em>), or blunt ends, where the resulting strands are of the same length (e.g., <em>HaeIII</em>). In general, sticky-end enzymes are more useful because they generate a 3' overhang in one molecule and a complementary 5' overhang in the other, increasing the yield and specificity of ligation. During ligation, a DNA ligase is used to join both DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bonds in the plasmid. Following transformation, bacteria can be selected on antibiotic plates.
