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Jansenism was a theological movement within Catholicism, primarily active in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace and predestination. The movement originated from the posthumously published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638. It was first popularized by Jansen's friend Abbot Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, of Saint-Cyran-en-Brenne Abbey, and, after du Vergier's death in 1643, was led by Antoine Arnauld. Through the 17th and into the 18th centuries, Jansenism was a distinct movement away from the Catholic Church. The theological center of the movement was the convent of Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey, which was a haven for writers including du Vergier, Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal and Jean Racine
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Hawaii had long attracted the interest of American businessmen in the lucrative sugar trade. The United States federal government had provided generous terms to the sugar growers of Hawaii in the treaties of 1849 and 1875 and American businessmen had acquired substantial fortunes in the islands. The McKinley Tariff proved to a turning point in the relations between the US and Hawaii. In 1890 the United States Congress approved the McKinley Tariff, which raised import rates on foreign sugar. This had an alarming effect on the sugar planters in Hawaii who, as a direct result of the McKinley Tariff, were being undersold in the American market. The McKinley Act removed the duty on all raw sugar coming into the US, which deprived Hawaiian sugar producers of their privileged status.
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A member of powerful, all women organization channelers (magic users) called Aes sedai...
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The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically.
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8. Nationalism
9. Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, Germany, Spain, Italy
10. Sphere of influence is a diplomatic term used to describe a foreign power economically, culturally, and militarily using it's influence in another country outside of it's own.
