The Catholic Church lost power during the French Revolution. This was after the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government. However, after the Revolution ended, the Catholic Church regained much of its former powers given that most people in France were Catholic
Answer: The incorporation of Eastern Asian ideas and knowledge into mainstream European society
The European practice of religious tolerance based on the example of the Mongol Empire
A political alliance that protected Western Europe from further invasions of the Mongol Empire
An increased European awareness of important cultural, political, and economic developments in Eastern Asia
Refer to the passage.
"The next day (25th May) (the Chan) sent his secretaries to me, who said: ‘Our lord sends us to you to say that you are here Christians, Saracens [Muslims] and Tuins. And each of you says that his doctrine is the best, and his writings—that is, books—the truest. So he wishes that you shall all meet together, and make a comparison, each one writing down his precepts, so that he himself may be able to know the truth.’ Then I said: ‘Blessed be God, who put this in the Chan’s heart. But our Scriptures tell us, the servant of God should not dispute, but should show mildness to all; so I am ready, without disputation or contention, to give reason for the faith and hope of the Christians, to the best of my ability.’ They wrote down my words, and carried them back to him. Then it was told the Nestorians that they should look to themselves, and write down what they wished to say, and likewise to the Saracens [Muslims], and in the same way to the Tuins.”
Excerpt from The Journey of William of Rubruck, written by a Franciscan monk sent by King Louis IX of France to the Mongol Empire in 1253
Explanation:
The common cold is an infection of your nose and throat. It’s easily passed to others, especially within homes, classrooms and workplaces. More than 200 different viruses can cause colds. There’s no cure for a common cold, but it typically runs its course in a week to 10 days.
The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming (Chinese: 天命; pinyin: Tiānmìng; Wade–Giles: T'ien-ming) is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China. According to this belief, heaven (天, Tian)—which embodies the natural order and will of the universe—bestows the mandate on a just ruler of China, the "Son of Heaven" of the "Celestial Empire". If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. It was also a common belief among citizens that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.[1]
A brief flow chart describing the dynastic cycles in Imperial China on claiming to withdrawing the Mandate of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, depending instead on the just and able performance of the rulers and their heirs. Dynasties such as the Han and Ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins. The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not in theory confer an unconditional right to rule, despite this being exactly the case in practicality. The Mandate would in theory be a preoccupation in a ruler's lifetime, when he would hold onto the Mandate and live according to Heavens. Intrinsic to the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate from the ruler. Throughout Chinese history, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the incumbent ruler unjust and thus in need of replacement. The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler. While each dynasty was not the same, they each had a lineage that passed on the prospective ruler by order of generational descent or their priority of birth. Many emperors during the imperial times would optimize to have many sons who could be candidates to fill the position after the current ruler has died. In addition Heaven was thought to be of how a ruler's works and performance was, which reflected upon how favorable they would be to Heaven.