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Yunnan Province, on China’s southwestern border, is well known for its beautiful natural landscape and rich ethnic culture. Yet it is also one of the country’s poorest provinces. Its per capita GDP in 2010 was only half of the national average. With 84% of mountainous land, the majority of its 45 million people live in rural areas – 1/3 of them belongs to 25 ethnic minority groups.
The labor force in Yunnan generally possesses low levels of education and skills. Most have completed just nine years of compulsory education or less, and professional and technical workers often lack skills certificates.
As demand for specialized skills surges, such gaps have become more apparent. Throughout 2010 and 2011, only 35 to 45% of the job openings in Yunnan were filled, and only 50 to 55% of job applicants were hired. Companies often complain about the difficulties of finding skilled workers, considering it a major constraint on business growth.
In 2012, guided by the Chinese government’s goal to improve the labor force’s skill levels by 2020 particularly through vocational schools, the World Bank and the Yunnan provincial government launched a project to improve the quality and relevance of technical and vocational education and training to produce skills that respond to the labor market’s demand, and contribute to Yunnan's economic development. This project is financed with a World Bank loan of $50 million, and implemented in nine vocational schools in Yunnan from 2012 until 2017.
Activities carried out under the project included strengthening school-industry collaboration, developing school-based competency-based training (CBT) curriculum and teaching materials, training school managers and teachers, developing student and teaching assessment systems, upgrading key instructional facilities and equipment, and strengthening the provincial capacity in coordination, policy development, and monitoring and evaluation.
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