After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, his friend Abu Bakr was named caliph and ruler of the Islamic community, or Ummah. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was the proper successor, while Shi'a Muslims believe that Ali should have succeed Muhammad as caliph.
The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) was led by Abu Bakr, then by Umar ibn Khattab as the second caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan as the third caliph, and Ali as the fourth caliph.
Looking for ways to save the union without having to go to war
Social Darwinism- the belief that the theory of survival of the fittest also applies to people.
white mans burden- the belief that Europeans had an obligation to improve their cultures.
nationalism- extreme patriotism and loyalty to a nation.
superior- of higher rank, greater importance, or higher equality.
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