The history of relations between Native Americans and the federal government of the United States has been fraught. To many Native Americans, the history of European settlement has been a history of wary welcoming, followed by opposition, defeat, near-extinction, and, now, a renaissance. To Europeans and Americans, it has included everything from treatment of Native American nations as equals (or near-equals) to assimilation to exile to near-genocide, often simultaneously.
Late 18th Century
Many Native American tribes allied with the British during the Revolutionary War. However, the Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, was silent on the fates of these British allies. The new United States government was thus free to acquire Native American lands by treaty or force. Resistance from the tribes stopped the encroachment of settlers, at least for a while.
Treaty-making
After the Revolutionary War, the United States maintained the British policy of treaty-making with the Native American tribes. In general, the treaties were to define the boundaries of Native American lands and to compensate for the taking of lands. Often, however, the treaties were not ratified by the Senate, and thus were not necessarily deemed enforceable by the U.S. government, leaving issues unresolved.
On occasion, the representatives of Native American tribes who signed the treaties were not necessarily authorized under tribal law to do so. For example, William McIntosh, chief of the Muskogee-Creek Nation, was assassinated for signing the Treaty of Indian Springs in violation of Creek law.
Treaty-making as a whole ended in 1871, when Congress ceased to recognize the tribes as entities capable of making treaties. The value of the treaties also came to be called into question when the Supreme Court decided, in 1903, Congress had full power over Native American affairs, and could override treaties. Many of the treaties made before then, however, remained in force at least to some extent, and the Supreme Court was occasionally asked to interpret them.
One notable treaty with ongoing repercussions is the Treaty of Ft. Laramie of 1868. Under that treaty, the United States pledged, among other things, that the Great Sioux [Lakota] Reservation, including the Black Hills, would be "set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation" of the Lakota Nation.
Although neither side fully complied with the treaty’s terms, with the discovery of gold in the area, the United States sought to buy back the Black Hills. The Lakota rejected the offer, resulting in the Black Hills War (1876-1877), which included Custer’s Last Stand at the Battle of Little Bighorn (June 25-26, 1876).
Finally, in 1877, Congress went back on the original treaty and passed an act reclaiming the Black Hills. In 1923, the Lakota sued. Sixty years later, the Supreme Court determined the annulment was a “taking” under the Fifth Amendment and that the tribe was owed “just compensation” plus interest starting from 1877. The tribe has refused to accept payment, however, and is still seeking return of the land. As of 2018, the amount due appears to be around $1 billion.
The retirement ceremonies are less formal it usually starts with a brief meeting between the retiring officer and his/her family and the presiding official. Usually in the front row to the right of the center aisle the members are escorted to their seats. Then, the officer to be retired and the presiding official, who take their places in front of the audience. The appropriate General's March/Ruffles and Flourishes is played once the official party is in position if the presiding officer is a general officer. Posting of the colors is appropriate, or flags may be positioned beforehand. Chairs should be provided on stage for the presiding official, retiring officer, and his or her spouse.
The Clayton - Bulwer Treaty was negotiated in 1850 by John M. Clayton and Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer to build the Nicaragua Canal that would connect the Pacific and the Atlantic. It was a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom. One of the essential points of the treaty was not to obtain or maintain exclusive control of the canal. However, there were disagreements because of the United Kingdom's control of territories surrounding the Nicaragua Canal. The United States wants the canal to be open to all nations equally thus, giving birth to Hay-Pauncefote Treaty that nullified the first treaty. It was signed by US Secretary of State (to answer the question) John Hay and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Pauncefote on the 18th of November 1901.
The first large scale of civilization in America was the Mississippian culture. They built mounds for several purposes including religious, ceremonies and residence purpose for the elite group. Mounds are very much associated with the Cahokia located in present location in Illinois. Many artifacts have found at the Cahokia Mounds. Some of them include tools, stones, pottery, shells, knives, and arrowheads.
Inferred you are referring to Charles Sumner former US senator.
Answer:
It encourages sympathy
Explanation:
Remember, we are told Sumner spent three and a half years recovering from the beating resulting from the attack. Although he initially attacked someone, who's cousin later retaliated with physical attack against Sumner. This story of the attack is in line with the central idea of who is painted as the man- Charles Sumner, a fiece activist who got in anyone's way in making his views heard.
