I believe it is called divergent evolution, which is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics.
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I’m not sure this is a tough question!!
The chromosomes of offspring are not identical to those of their parents or siblings because <u>genetic information</u> is shuffled during meiosis.
Meiosis can be described as a cell division process by which gamete cells divide. The number of chromosomes is reduced to half in this cell division process.
During the process of meiosis, genetic information is shuffled between non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes. This shuffling process is referred to as crossing over. A new combination of alleles is formed due to the process of crossing over.
It is due to the process of crossing over that the organisms produced are not identical to each other or the parents. Genetic diversity is important in order for populations to survive which is possible through the process of meiosis.
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The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are groups of plants with seed, which means that they don’ t necessary acquire water for fertilization. These groups have made adaptations for sexual reproduction on dry land.
1) Gymnosperms (plants with the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary) have developed over the course of its evolution, structures that solved the main limitations present in the Pteridophytes in relation to sexual reproduction, in the terrestrial environment. The main changes that happened as an evolutionary adaptation to dry land are those on the seeds and pollen. The advantages of the seeds are: the storage tissue which sustains growth and a protective coat of the seeds. Seed is enveloped with the layers of hardened tissue which prevents desiccation. This is what frees reproduction from the need for a constant supply of water. <span>The sperm (male gamete) of gymnosperms</span> is enclosed in a pollen grain. Thi structure is protected from desiccation and can reach the female organs without dependence on water. Gymnosperms also developed structures called cupules to enclose and protect the ovule (the female gametophyte) which will develop into a seed upon fertilization.
2) Angiosperms are a group of plants which protect their seeds within an ovary called a fruit. Angiosperms have special evolutionary adaptations. For example, they produce their gametes in separate organs, usually in a flower, so the fertilization and embryo development takes place inside an anatomical structure. That provides a stable system of sexual reproduction largely sheltered from environmental fluctuations like water need.
