a. The error rate of DNA replication is 1.0 × 10^-8 per base pair. This is considering that a human has approximately 3 billion base pairs where mutations can occur. However, this mutation is kept low by the proof-reading mechanism of DNA polymerases which are 99% efficient.
b. Given that the human genome is 3.2 × 109 bp, this means that there are on average 0.32 new substitutions every time the complete genome is replicated. In humans, there are about 30 cell generations between zygote and egg cells and about 400 cell divisions between a zygote and mature sperm. Thus, in males, the sperm cells have about 128 new mutations and the haploid egg genome has about 10 new mutations for a total of 138 new mutations in every new zygote.
c. Considering the above-mentioned mutation rates of approximately 1 and 2 mutations per 100 million base pairs between generations, then there will be approximately 130 mutations per generation. This means I will probably have about 130 different nucleotide bases from that of my parents.
<span>d. Siblings at an average of 50%, grandparents at an average of 25%; aunts/ uncles at an average of 25%; and first cousins at 12.5%.
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<span>f. You are approximately different from the other random person by one SNP per 1000 bases. The human genome is about 3 Gbps long and therefore about 3 million SNPs among two random people.</span> With about 20,000 genes each having a coding sequence (exons) about 1.5 kb long (i.e. about 500 amino acids long protein on average), the human coding sequence covers 30 Mbp or about 1 percent of the genome. If SNPs were randomly distributed along the genome that will suggest about 30,000 SNP across the genome coding sequence or just over 1 per gene coding sequence.
g. Humans carry on average one to two mutations that, if inherited from both parents, can cause severe genetic disorders or death before reaching reproductive age. These mutations are what are referred to as recessive alleles of a gene.
<span>h. Mosaicism refers to individuals with genetically distinct cell lines that originated from a single zygote, whereas chimerism refers to those who originated from more than one zygote. Microchimerism is the co-existence of two genetically different cell populations in one organism, of which one occurs in a very low number. </span>
Answer: The question is incomplete and the options are not given but here are the options gotten from another websites.
A. Narrow part.
B. Wide part
C. The flow rate are the same in both part.
The correct option is C.
The flow rate are the same in both part.
Explanation:
The flow rate are the same in both because when there is partial blockage at the artery wall, the blood flow speed will reduce or stop, therefore the blockage will be a barrier or hindrance to free blood flow and therefore, both the narrow part and wide part will receive the same level of blood flow because of the blockage and this blockage result in restricted blood flow which in one way or the other hinder oxygen supply to the heart. The blockage deposits can cause a thickened artery wall and when blood flow is restricted it causes chest pain and if it stop it can cause heart attack. Blockage deposits can be as a result of artery wall damage.
Answer:
A. humans going underwater and exhaling
Explanation:
The dissolved oxygen in water refers to the amount of oxygen that is found in water. However, there are various ways that oxygen dissolves in a body of water, these includes;
- Photosynthesis of aquatic plants: Oxygen is the waste product of the photosynthetic process carried out by green plants. Hence, when aquatic plants undergo photosynthesis, oxygen from them tend to dissolve into water.
- Diffusion from the atmosphere: Oxygen from air or atmosphere also dissolves in water
- aeration as water moves over rocks and debris, and from wind and waves
However, humans do not exhale oxygen but carbon dioxide, hence, it is not a source of dissolved oxygen
Answer:
Whether it's practical (like washing machines, tumble dryers, refrigerators) or for leisure (like televisions, Blu-ray players, games consoles), all these things are examples of technology.
Explanation:
Two species of crickets, Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, have different courtship sogs which can be identified only by the opposite sex of their own species..... I hope this answer helped you out!
