The beginning of American literature derives from European forms and styles. For example: Wieland and other novels written by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) imitate the Gothic novel written at that time in England. Even the stories of Washington Irving (1783-1859), especially Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, look European despite their American scenario.
Although Charles Brockden Brown was not in any way the first novelist of America, as some critics affirm, the amplitude and complexity of his achievements as a writer in several genres (novels, stories, essays and journalistic articles of all kinds, poetry, historiography, commentaries ) make him a crucial figure in the literature and culture of the United States in the 1790s and 1800s, and an important intellectual with influence on both sides of the Atlantic in the era of the French Revolution. He practiced the Gothic novel, very fashionable in his time, and served as inspiration to important authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Margaret Fuller and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
James Fenimore Cooper was undoubtedly the most outstanding writer in the post-independence era of the United States His first novel, Precautions, was written from the union between two facts of his private life: the reading his wife made of a book lousy and a bet on his wife in which he claimed to be able to write a better book than she read. His next book, The Spy, prefigures what his later work will be. His most widespread novel, The Last Of The Mohicans, shows us his most accustomed themes: the sea and the borders, the settler and the redskins. He tried to write a History of the Navy. In his pen there is a conspicuous contrast between the violence of what he narrates and the slowness of his prose. He was admired by Honoré de Balzac.
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Answer: PART B: Which TWO of the following quotes best support the answer to Part A? A. “Nicholas II, by contrast, was one of history’s most dismal examples of the wrong man, at the wrong time, and in the wrong place. His reign seemed to be almost predetermined to end in a momentous tragedy.” (Paragraph 6) B. “They had ruled Russia for more than 280 years, and most of their subjects—as the czar’s German-born wife, Alexandra, wrote to British Queen Victoria —practically worshipped them “as divine beings.” (Paragraph 9) C. “What the last Romanov did not have was an understanding and respect for the dirt-poor and frequently hungry peasants who eked out a meager living, and it was part of Nicholas’ misfortune that his abysmal insensitivity and weakness were revealed on the very day after his coronation.” (Paragraph 12) D. “In February 1904—less than four months later—Japan launched a surprise attack that destroyed a Russian fleet and threatened to seize Port Arthur, Russia’s only warm-water port. In the war that followed, the Japanese army decisively won every battle…” (Paragraph 24) E. “Nicholas also showed a puzzling disregard for a major uproar in his own court over the growing influence of a mystical faith healer named Grigori Rasputin.” (Paragraph 27) F. “After the control over the country shifted from a provisional government to Lenin’s radicals (the Bolsheviks), the royal couple, their son and four daughters, and the ex-czar’s personal physician and three servants were moved to a house in Yekaterinburg, a town beyond the Urals.” (Paragraph 30)
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The semantics of racial slurs has recently become a locus of debate among philosophers. While everyone agrees that slurs are offensive, there is disagreement about the linguistic mechanism responsible for this offensivenes.
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