Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earth's energy balance, including: Variations in the sun's energy reaching Earth. Changes in the reflectivity of Earth's atmosphere and surface. And Changes in the greenhouse effect, which affects the amount of heat retained by Earth's atmosphere.
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The story of the European settlers in the USA (if that's what you mean) mimics the biblical story of the Israelites reaching the promised land in that they both believed that if they just came to this place of "milk and honey" they would be able to flourish, and truly enjoy life. This was true for the most part.
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Sunspots appear over a range of 40-50∘N latitude to 40-50∘S latitude.
