West Africa was one of the world's greatest producers of gold in the Middle Ages. Trade in the metal went back to antiquity but when the camel caravans of the Sahara linked North Africa to the savannah interior, the trade really took off. A succession of great African empires rose off the back of the gold trade as salt, ivory, and slaves were just some of the commodities exchanged for the precious metal that eventually found its way into most of southern Europe's gold coinage. Gold attracted unwanted attention and competition, too, with the Portuguese the first to exploit West Africa's coastal resources from the 15th century CE, and in their wake followed others. The discovery of the Americas and the gold of the Aztecs and Incas only gave West Africa a temporary respite as European colonial powers then returned to the continent as their chief source of slaves to work on the plantations of the New World. The trade of gold in West Africa goes back to antiquity with one of the earliest examples being the voyage of the Carthaginian explorer Hanno in the 5th century BCE. The celebrated mariner sailed out of the Mediterranean and, turning south, stopped off at the mouth of the Senegal River before sailing on and perhaps even reaching as far the Bay of Guinea. Hanno was followed by other countrymen, and commercial relations were established with the locals. Thus, West African gold found its way from the trading post/island of Cerne (unidentified but on the Atlantic coast) northwards to the ancient Mediterranean cultures for the first time.
The 5th-century BCE Greek historian Herodotus describes in his Histories that gold was traded on the West African coast using a silent and cautious method of barter - perhaps understandable given the language barrier and mutual fear between unfamiliar peoples. Hope this helps! Mark brainly please!
Answer:
The term standard of living refers to the conditions in which people live especially in terms of comfort, goods, and basic needs being completely fulfilled. Because of this, the standard of living varies according to the geographical zone, country, and even continent and it is measured through the existence of poverty, employment conditions, incomes in each family or individual, education, amount of time for leisure, health services, and others.
In the case of Western Europe that includes countries such as Austria, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and other the living standards are mainly high this means people who live there have good conditions in terms of comfort, goods and basic needs being fulfilled, one of the factors that prove this is that level of education is higher than in other areas of the world and the level of literacy or basic education for reading and writing 100% or close to it, which means all the population of these countries is able to write and read. Thus, the statement that is true about the standard of living in Western Europe is that most people can read and write as Western Europe has a high standard of living that is reflected on the education people has there.
Explanation:
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common law
Britain and the colonists
Explanation:
- The development of the British colonies, which until the mid-18th century. st. achieved considerable self-government, it was constrained by the arbitrary taxation of the colonists (Stamp Act of 1765, Townshend Act of 1770), who in the 1760s began to resist the centralist and mercantilist policies of British rule.
- Thus, in 1765, the Sons of Liberty were founded in New England, and in the same year the Stamp Act was enacted.
- Congress refused all extraordinary taxes, a boycott of British goods was declared, and is the accepted principle of the No taxation without representation policy of the American colonies.
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Part A: Working hours changed from around 14 hours a day before the 1880's to being reduced slowly down to 12, then 10, eventually moving to an 8 hour day. This change allowed for workers to to have more time to sleep and for leisure. Another change was the end of child labor. Similar to the decrease in hours, the minimum age increased over time as well moving from 10 to 16.
Part B: One strategy used by unions to achieve these goals were strikes. Workers would leave the job and picket outside of a job which shut down operations. This tactic did not work at first because there were plenty of workers to fill the jobs. However, when immigration slowed the tactic had more impact with no people to fill the jobs. Some strikes were so large they brought the attention of police forces and the government.
