It was "Alexander I" who was the Russian Tsar who refused to surrender to Napoleon in 1812, even after Moscow had been captured and burned, since he suspected (correctly) that Napoleon's army would not be able to endure.
I beleive the answer is b
The century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics; the development of biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry.
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
