They where used in the war or they cam from the place they where at war with.
Answer: C. Positive reinforcer
Explanation: Temper tantrum is a phenomenon that occurs in so-called emotional distress, when one is exposed to some negative emotional charge or feeling such as mockery or scolding and the result is an emotional outburst or temper tantrum. Temper tantrum can manifest itself through crying, stubbornness, anger, defiance, violence, etc. The more often this kind of stimulation, i.e scolding, occurs, and more often a reaction such as crying, screaming, stubbornness, etc. occurs. This means that scolding is in fact a positive reinforcement because with more frequent repetition there is also a more frequent response to it in the form of temper tantrum. Although the stimulus itself is negative, the reinforce is positive because with more frequent stimulus, i.e reinforce, behaviour (crying screaming, etc.) in response to the stimulus is increased, i.e it becomes more frequent.
From the case described in the question, it seems that the researcher is inducing the Smith family to enroll their children in the study with the promise of free healthcare, despite the possibility of harm to the children.
In this case, the researcher is violating the first principle mentioned in the APA code of ethics, which is beneficence and nonmaleficence. This principle states that <em>psychologists must perform work that is beneficial to others, but does not hurt anyone in the process of carrying out the work. </em>
