<span>During the 1920s and 1930s a literary and cultural revolution arose, referred to as the Harlem Renaissance. The movement cultivated a new cultural identity and voice for African Americans through art, music, and literature. The period coincided with the movement of many African Americans from the South to the urban areas in the North. Such early literary pillars as Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston, W.E.B. DuBois, and numerous others contributed to a body of work that opened doors to publishing houses and other literary outlets formerly closed. The arrival of the Great Depression marked a temporary end to the movement, but its descendents (Richard Wright and Arna Bontemps, for example) emerged after World War II to continue their work.</span>
The president, at that date, was John F. Kennedy.
Cooperative Federalism - This is the model of federalism that stressed federal-state partnership in addressing social problems. This was pioneered by the New Deal that formulated state-federal solutions to the Great Depression of 1929-1940. The Democratic Party under President Delano Roosevelt formulated the New Deal after the policies of President Herbert Hoover of non-interventionism into state affairs by the federal government failed to yield any results in remedying the Great Depression.
