Answer:
Slaughterhouse Cases
Explanation:
, in American history, legal dispute that resulted in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1873 limiting the protection of the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
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Queen Victoria - This has been established by the fact that European royal families that wedded Queen Victoria's daughters <span>(Alice and Beatrice</span>) had victims of the disorder in their midst. Hemophilia is carried by female descendants of the original carrier but is only manifested among male descendants. Victoria's son Leopold also suffered from the disease showing that she was the source of the mutation that causes the disorder.
Neither, because the power dynamic shifted between the church and the kings.
In the Middle Ages, the powerful figures in the church and royal families competed for authority. A key example would be the investiture controversy between Holy Roman Emperors and the papacy during the 11th and 12th centuries. "Investiture" (from Latin) refers to putting someone "in the robe" or vestments of clergy. Reforms instituted during the tenure of Pope Gregory VII (in office 1073 - 1085) aimed to remove secular rulers' authority to appoint bishops within their territories, and have all control of appointment to church offices held by the church's leadership. Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV had a famous struggle with each other over that issue, and the struggle continued between their successors as emperor and pope.
A similar struggle took place at the end of the 13th century and first years of the 14th century, between King Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII. Philip was seeking tax revenues from the clergy and the lands they controlled in France, and the pope vehemently opposed this. Boniface issued a famous papal bull,<em> Unam Sanctam,</em> threatening Philip with excommunication. In response, Philip went as far as sending soldiers to Rome to attack the pope.
So, you can see that powerful popes and kings vied with one another during the medieval era.
It actually depends upon the type of government followed in the nation. If it's a democratic government then, no, the nations cannot avoid denying people their rights because the leaders are elected by the people & if they want to rule again then they have to listen to the people. But, if we are speaking about a monarchy or dictatorship then the monarch or dictator has every right not to listen to the people as they are the supreme leader of the country. This happens when a group of people overthrow the government as well (present day Taliban in Afghanistan is a good example).
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Hope it helps.
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