Answer:
The Incas relied on trade with the Andean cultures for no-agricultural goods.
or
The Incas conducted little trade as the emperor owned all property
Explanation:
I'm not sure what your doing (I have little information on what this is) so i hope one of these work!!
Answer:
To begin, we need to first grasp the basic terminology relevant to the study of religious minorities. Religious minorities are known as dhimmīs, short for ahl al-dhimmah, or people of the dhimmah, a term that later became synonymous with the People of the Book.[4] The original meaning of al-dhimmah, however, meant protection, and it was often short for dhimmat–Allah wa-rasūlih, or the “protection of God and His Prophet.”[5] In short, the concept originally had a divine connotation, or a meaning that was directly related to the power of God. However, the concept soon morphed into a technical legal term with the progression of classical scholarship, and it consequently lost its transcendent dimension.[6] As a result, ahl al-dhimmah, or people of the dhimmah, has become a legal term and not a reference to the recipients of divine protection. It is important to discuss the etymology of the word because it demonstrates the significance of the people of the dhimmah who, at the very root of it all, are people who were to be protected on behalf of God and His Prophet ﷺ – an immense responsibility. This status is awarded to People of the Book (who according to many scholars includes Zoroastrians and others) who agree through contract to pay the jizyah, or poll-tax, in exchange for that protection.[7] In sum, the formation of the people of the dhimmah was rooted in religious minorities paying a tax that exempted them from military service. Much more nuance can be embedded within all of these terms that are sometimes highly contested among scholars, but considering the limited scope of this paper, we will move forward to address the larger picture at hand.
The power of the Muslim state was dependent on its ability to provide two precious resources to its people: security and justice.[8] Christians and Jews and other minorities were not technically citizens of the Muslim state; they were considered outsiders under the protection of the state, leading to the title of dhimmah, or protected people.[9] Their protection was guaranteed in a number of ways: by providing them with legal autonomy – meaning they could maintain their religious practices without interference – and protection during war. That said, there have no doubt been incidents throughout history in which that protection was threatened or revoked and the Muslim ruler engaged in persecution of religious minorities.[10] The fact remains, however, that there was never widespread systematic persecution of Christians, for example, in the Islamic world as there was in the late Roman Empire.[11] And the hostile circumstances that did occasionally arise, were not due to Islamic legislation per se, but were rather a result of an amalgam of social, political, and economic circumstances. So while Christians historically at times suffered at the hands of Muslims, it was almost never a result of their being Christian, or their beliefs, but a result of various factors related to the pursuit of power.[12]
Explanation:
This field of science is called Paleoclimatology. It uses residual elements left in nature and analyzes them in order to understand how paleoclimate worked. These residual elements are called proxies. Oxygen isotope ratios and pollen analysis are two of the many proxies paleoclimatologists use.
- Oxygen isotope ratios: the specific oxygen proxy is Oxigen - 18. Since there are shelled organisms (forams and diatoms) that are found in most water environments and which are able to record evidence of pas environmental conditions in their shells, they are very useful to discover how ancient climate was. This evidence is the presence of stable isotopes in these shells. Water molecules evaporate more off the lighter isotopes (Oxigen - 16) which means that if the water temperature was warmer than usual, the shell will be richer in heavy isotopes (Oxigen - 18). Therefore a shell which has more heavy isotopes indicates a warmer climate.
- Pollen Analysis: when paleoclimatologists want to use pollen they take an ice core sample off a glacier or an ice sheet. Each layer of the ice core will correspond to a specific period of time in the history of Earth. Pollen is found in all layers of an ice core and depending on its quantity allows an understanding of which plants existed in that particular period of time and how many of them there were. It also allows paleoclimatologists how rainy and warm the time period was.
