Answer:
Correct answer is a. nationalism.
Explanation:
Correct answer is A as it is a way how they wanted to create a national state, that will be free from influence of other empires that were surrounding them.
B is not correct as communism was an idea that spread across Russia during WW1.
C and D are not correct as imperialism and militarism were policies that were led by greatest European forces such as Germany.

The opposing force created, the conflict within the story generally comes in four basic types: Conflict with the self, Conflict with others, Conflict with the environment and Conflict with the supernatural.
Right before the 20's started World War I happened, so many of the young men of the world were apart of that war and saw horrific things. So after the war they wanted to forget so they had as much fun and parties as they could.
This is a substituting function when a child is confronted in front of his parents about stealing cookies from Jar.
<h3>What is Substituting Function in Non-Verbal Communication?</h3>
Substituting function is a replacement of verbal communication. The main role played by body structure in substituting function is Substituting is a part of non-verbal communication.
Thus, the given statement is a perfect example of the substituting function of non-verbal communication where the child is confronted by his body language in front of a parent when he steals the cookies.
Learn more about Non-verbal communication here:
brainly.com/question/23308812
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I am not 100% sure. But I do know the answer are not 2 and 3 are wrong. Hope that helps.