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The "Dark Ages" is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages (c. 5th–15th century) that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.The term employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the era's "darkness" (lack of records) with earlier and later periods of "light" (abundance of records). The concept of a "Dark Age" originated in the 1330s with the Italian scholar Petrarch, who regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the "light" of classical antiquity.The phrase "Dark Age" itself derives from the Latin saeculum obscurum, originally applied by Caesar Baronius in 1602 to a tumultuous period in the 10th and 11th centuries.The concept thus came to characterize the entire Middle Ages as a time of intellectual darkness between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance; this became especially popular during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment. As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars began restricting the "Dark Ages" appellation to the Early Middle Ages (c. 5th–10th century),and now scholars also reject its usage in this period.The majority of modern scholars avoid the term altogether due to its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate. Petrarch's pejorative meaning remains in use,typically in popular culture which often characteristics the Middle Ages as a time of violence and backwardness.
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He feared Kepler will come out with a universal theory for planetary motion and thereby taking all the credit by himself
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1. Proclamation of 1763 2. Declaration of Independence 3. Articles of Confederation 4. Constitutional Convention 5. Great Compromise
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Causes of Spanish American War
U.S. support of Cuba's independence.
To protect U.S. business interests in Cuba.
Yellow Journalism.
Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine.
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The truism surrounding the Pearl Harbor tragedy is that the US was provided with the destruction of the battleship fleet. Navy with a wake-up call putting it on the Pacific path to victory. Like all such popular beliefs, there is a grain of truth in it, but there is also considerable misunderstanding of the hard processes that the U.S. military, and especially the navy, had to go through before they were fully prepared to fight and prepared to deal with the Imperial Japanese Navy on a relatively equal basis. Pearl Harbor was, in fact, just the opening round of a series of crises that molded and influenced both American strategy and conflict itself. It is then the intention of this paper to investigate American naval and military strategy during the first ten months of the war and gain insight into what actually happened and how the services, particularly the navy, were transformed from a peacetime force with a peacetime bureaucratic culture into the amazing instrument they were to become by the summer of 1943. The crucial point on which this paper will focus will be the reciprocal strategic influence and operations on American strategic leadership at the sharp end of the fight against Japanese forces during the first 11 months of the Pacific War – a period that laid the foundation for the eventual American triumphs of 1943 and 1944.
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