An action potential traveling along the entire length of an axon demonstrates <u>continuous</u> propagation.
Propagation of action potential:
- An action potential is created by the rapid input of Na+ ions and the slightly slower outflow of K+ ions.
- Action potential initiation occurs in the axon's first segment, and as action potentials spread throughout the axon, cells can convey their output to synapses located further distant from the cell.
- The action potential conducts continuously in unmyelinated axons, whereas it conducts rapidly and saltatorily in myelinated axons where sodium channels are concentrated near the nodes of Ranvier.
- The action potential always advances in the same direction whenever a local current begins to form due to the prior axon segment still being in the absolute refractory period. As a result, action potentials travel away from the location of their generation and do not change course.
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Answer:
<h2>C. placing carrier proteins in the membrane.</h2>
Explanation:
If there is no barrier preventing molecules from moving molecules, then there will be large movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This passive process is known as diffusion. The phospholipid bilayer of a cell's membrane works as a barrier to large molecules, ions, and most hydrophilic molecules. Whereas small hydrophobic molecules can pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer, other molecules and ions are transported across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins. Some transport proteins, allowing hydrophilic molecules and ions to passively move through them and across the cell membrane.
Examples: carrier proteins and channel proteins.
Placing carrier proteins in the cell membrane will allow the molecule to reach equal concentrations on the both the sides of the membrane and maintain that way over long time. In contrast, transport proteins known as pumps will use cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP, to transport molecules.
Placing equal numbers of intracellularly directed and extracellularly directed pumps would also equalize the concentrations of a molecule long over time. Pumps are to transport molecules against their concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump continuously moves sodium ions out of a cell.
Through the use of carrier proteins, there is equalization of concentrations of a hydrophilic molecule. This equalize the numbers of molecules on the inside and outside of the cell, but the pumps would continue moving the molecule inward, eventually resulting in more molecules inside of the cell than out.
The correct answer is option (D) A sandwich is digested and converted to carbon dioxide and water.
Digestion is a catabolic process of breakdown of complex food substances into simpler nutrients releasing energy. In the process of digestion of a sandwich, the carbohydrates are broken down into simpler sugars in presence of enzymes releasing water, carbon dioxide and energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This ATP is the reserved energy currency and also used for the growth, repair and replacement of cells.
Auxin, which is produced by the apical bud, encourages the growth of apical buds while inhibiting the growth of lateral buds that are located lower on the stem, toward the axillary bud.
<h3>
What does a shoot's apical bud produce?</h3>
Auxin, a hormone produced by the apical bud, travels via the plant's circulatory system (phloem) down the stem and prevents axillary buds from expanding, which would otherwise result in the production of additional side shoots from the plant cells.
<h3>What function does auxin serve?</h3>
Auxin plays a crucial role in controlling plant growth and development by regulating embryonic development, root and stem tropisms, apical dominance,and the transition to blooming..
<h3>What are the four roles that auxins play?</h3>
- Its primary uses are to stimulate shoot growth in culture and to enhance lateral and accidental shoot growth.
- aids in overcoming auxin-induced apical dominance.
- encourage the development of leaves' chloroplasts.
- encourages the mobilization of nutrients and delays leaf senescence.
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