<u>Answer:</u> The Ottoman Empire was ruled by a series of ineffective sultans.
Andrew Jackson issued the Nullification Proclamation, which stated that states are forbidden from nullifying federal laws. Believing the tariff to be unconstitutional, South Carolinians articulated a route by which they themselves could declare a law unconstitutional.
The answer is 2,3, and 4.
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<span>In short, no.
Mercantalism theorized that nations could create a world economy by using the military to protect local markets and supply sources. The problem is, the model presumes that every nation will have a surplus of exports available, and be able to continue to grow through use of that surplus. Not all nations have a surplus, and as time progresses surplus exports will necessarily shrink with economic growth and success in trade.</span>