Although the Crusades are popularly viewed as religiously inspired campaigns to recapture the Holy Land, students should recognize them as a result of the social and economic events in Europe between 1000 and 1200. Religious and secular leaders seeking to end the fighting among feudal lords seized upon the Crusades as a means of redirecting that aggression. Feudal knights who would not be inheriting their family properties eagerly enlisted in the Crusades as a way to win wealth or status. The idea of the pilgrimage was a powerful one, and the Crusades were basically armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land. The various Crusades ultimately failed. The sack of Constantinople was a fitting denouement to the whole concept. The interaction with the East brought to Europe not only Arabic translations of Greek texts, but also original Arabic and Iranian scientific and philosophical works.
The Indies played a great role in history. The land was originally home to the indigenous. After the trans-Atlantic expedition the Spanish settled in the indies area for the first 28 years taking over the land and people.
Ming and Chin Dynasties were in power during those centuries
A)a new defensive tactic known as trench warfare
Trench warfare allowed the war to drag on for long periods of time because of the stalemates that ensue from the opposing armies refusing to give up the land under their controls, resulting in high casualties in no man's land.
Hope this helps
