Iconoclastic Controversy --- Divided the Byzantine Empire.
The Great Schism of 1054 --- Split the religion of Christianity in the West and the East, and the Roman pope and Eastern patriarch excommunicated each other.
<h2><u>The Great Schism</u></h2>
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The linguistic, political and geographical differences between both sides were related to the division of the Roman Empire in 395. In the Roman Empire, the emperor and political power moved from Rome to Constantinople; this also brought about changes in the spiritual climate of the kingdom. Tradition had hitherto offered that the emperor would have authority in both worldly and spiritual matters. Those who strongly adhered to this principle came to be on the orthodox side of the conflict, while those who clung to the bishop of Rome (the Pope), who has always been the foremost ecclesiastical potentate, came to be on the Catholic side in the conflict.
The social structure permitted peninsulares to dominate the political and social life, the creoles resented their 2nd-class status, and mestizos and mulattoes were enrages that they were denied the status, wealth, and power that the whites had.
John Ruthledge was appointed to the serve on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice and then, after a period of years off the Court, as Chief Justice, Washington appointed federal judges to 17 United States District Courts.
