Pollution from factory discharges and waste dumping. Also biodiversity from deforestation and other natural habitat losses
Both of them are the most important cities in their countries. They are capitals and cultural, demographic and industrial centres.
The topmost layer of the earth (aside from the atmospher) would be the crust. It is made up of tectonic plates that move in different directions. The collisons and abrasions made by these plates sliding and crashing into each other means that mountain ranges pop up like wrinkles, and continents can move around over time. This happens over millions of years.
good luck !
15 degrees (1 degree every 4 minutes)