What passages? I can't answer this for you because I can't read the passages.
The correct asnwer is A) stinginess
because the actual definition is extreme unwillingness to spend money or use resources.
Here are the different contrasts of the verbs:
V1 - This is a present tense or the base form. ex. Speak
V2 - This is the Past tense. ex. Spoke
V3 - This is the Past Participle. ex. Spoken
V4 - This is the Present Participle. ex. Speaking
Answer: have you tried cornell notes? its super easy and helps you remember those key concepts. if you dont like writing, use colorful pens or flare pens to make it more fun i guess. but it helps me when i look back at them for open note quizzes and stuff like that.