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Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
The chloroplast is a membrane bound organelle found in plants. It contains several invaginations of a plasma membrane called the thylakoid membrane. This contains chlorophyll pigments, in stacks called granum, while the internal spaces of the organelle are called the lumen. Liquid surrounds the granum, forming the stroma.
During the light reaction:
- Light is absorbed by pigments in phosystem II (PSII). This energy is transferred among pigments til it gets to the reaction center, and is transferred to P680; this promotes an electron to a higher energy level where it then goes to an acceptor molecule.
- Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II. Additionally, water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent.
- the electron moves down an electron transport chain (to PS I)where it experiences continuous energy loss. This energy fuels the pumping of H+ from the stroma to thykaloid, leading to the formation of a gradient. The H+ move along their gradient and cross through ATP synthase, into the the stroma.
- ATP synthase converts ADP and Pi to the energy storage molecule ATP.
- The electron gets to photosystem I where it goes to pigments at P700. It absorbs light energy, the electron is promoted to a higher energy level, and passed to an electron acceptor. This leaves a space for another electron which is then replaced by one from photosystem II.
- in the ETC, the molecule NADP is reduced to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.
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The statements like proteins play a role in transport, enable movement, provide structure and support, and help make chemical reactions happen and nucleic acids carry genetic information, determine the structure of proteins, and help build proteins describe the function of each type of macromolecule.
Hence option (c) and (d) is correct.
Macromolecule like Proteins are involved in transport, facilitate movement, offer structure and support, and aid in the occurrence of chemical reactions.
Genetic information is carried by nucleic acids, which also help construct proteins and define their structure.
Protein perform the majority of their work within cells and are necessary for the development, maintenance, and control of the body's tissues and organs.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), two types of nucleic acids that carry genetic information and are read by cells to create the RNA and proteins that allow living organisms to function.
This knowledge may be replicated and passed on to the next generation thanks to the DNA double helix's well-known structure.
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Answer:
The highest point on a transverse wave is called peak
Pepsin
That’s the closest one in my mind sorry if I’m wrong