Explanation:
Islam emerged in the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century of the Christian era with the appearance of the prophet Muhammad. A century after his death, Islam stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Central Asia in the east.
This empire did not hold together for long; the new system of government soon led to a civil war known to Islamic historians as the Fitna, and later affected by a Second Fitna.
After this, rival dynasties would claim the caliphate, or leadership of the Muslim world, and many Islamic states and empires offered only symbolic obedience to the caliph, unable to unify the Islamic world.
Despite this fragmentation of Islam as a political community, the empires of the Abbasid caliphate, the Mughals, and the Seljuk Ottomans were among the largest and most powerful in the world. The Arabs made many Islamic centers of culture and science from which notable Islamic scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, and philosophers emerged during the Golden Age of Islam. Technology flourished; There was a lot of investment in economic infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and canals. Emphasizing the importance of reading the Koran produced a high level of literacy in the general population.
Later, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Islamic regions fell under the influence of powerful European empires. After the First World War and the Occupation of Constantinople, the remnants of the Ottoman Empire were divided into the partition of the Ottoman Empire as European protectorates.
After many centuries, there is no large and widely accepted claim of the caliphate (which had been claimed at least by the Ottomans.
2.The decline of political unity affect the fall of Islam;The Emirates, still recognizing the Caliph's theoretical leadership, slipped into independence, and a brief resurgence of control ended with the establishment of two rival caliphates: the Fatimids in North Africa and the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in Spain. (The emirs there were descendants of a member of that family who managed to escape). Eventually, the ababsies ruled as puppets for the Buyies emirs.
By the beginning of the 13th century, a much more serious threat was looming over Islam. The Mongols, who invaded Baghdad in 1258, had conquered most of the Islamic territories in eastern Egypt. The hordes permanently ended the Abbasid caliphate and the Golden Age of medieval Islam, leaving the Islamic world ruined and confused. The Mongols later converted to Islam and developed their own culture based on diverse and sophisticated exchange, integrating elements from every corner of Eurasia.
