Well, sadly, it is effective when it doesn't result in disaster.
Brinksmanship refers to the negotiation practice of letting a situation edge right up to disaster before finding a solution.
It is, however, wildly irresponsible, shortsighted, and often leads to people getting hurt and unnecessary stress.
Although the emphasis and ranking of priorities were subject to change, two basic goals of Soviet foreign policy remained constant: national security (safeguarding Communist Party rule through internal control and the maintenance of adequate military forces) and, since the late 1940s, influence over Eastern Europe.
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Unfortunately, you did not include the text, excerpt, context, or further references to know what is the content of those pages 456-459.
Although you forgot to include the content of those pages, we can help you to give some ideas based on or knowledge of the topic.
The European countries that became involved in colonization in the 1600s and the land they claimed were the following.
The 1600s were known as the years of expedition. A time in human history when European superpowers of the time invested a lot of money hiring professional sailors to navigate the seas, explore faraway territories to discover new lands or navigation routes.
That is why Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas on October 12, 1492. He had been sponsored by King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella de Castille, to explore and get new lands for the mighty Spanish crown. Once the discovery was made, the Spanish King sent his army to conquest Mesoamerican and South American territories, as was the case of the Great Tenochtitlan and the Aztec Empire, or the Inca Empire in Machu Pichu, Peru.
Then the English established the first British colony in the North American territory in 1607: Jamestown Virginia. Another 12 colonies followed on the East Coast. The French did the same in what today is Canada. The Netherlands founded New Amsterdam in what today is Manhattan, New York. The Portuguese colonized the Amazonic territories of what today is Brazil.
The correct answer would be b
