Answer:
Land is the least effective because most disasters that occur are caused by either air or water...air pollution or flood.
I believe that the perpendicular equation would be the opposite sign and the reciprocal of the original slope. Then you just plug in the x and y coordinate to y=mx+b and solve for b.
y=4x+b
3=4(-4)+b
3=-16+b
b=19
y=4x+19
It would be harder for us to identify all the different types of animals that lived long ago.