B. Mitochondrion. Centriole is unique to animal cells and is used in cell division. Chloroplast and Cell wall are unique to plants cells, together with permanent vacuole. Both have mitochondrion, where energy is released through respiration.
If the mutation is beneficial, the mutated organism survives to reproduce, and the mutation gets passed on to its offspring. In this way, natural selection guides the evolutionary process to incorporate only the good mutations into the species, and expunge the bad mutations.
Noah's principle is a concept that comes from the Biblical story found in the old testament where God gave Noah instructions to build an ark to save him and his family .
The concept here is that God did not tell Noah when it was going to rain. The people of the day most probably mocked and derided Noah as a time waster or a fool. That is, until the flood came. The " fool" had been wiser all along.
An Application is this. Google gives everyone who does online business "suggestions" and "guidelines" but not everyone chooses to listen. Google rarely, if ever, tells us when they will put the guidelines into action.
Panda, a Google ranking system, took 6 years while Google was telling online users to follow certain guidelines. Many ignored, until Panda was put into action, and those who had not heeded suffered with only themselves to blame.
Moral: Heed and prepare even if the outcome tarries.
Odd ratio's insensitivity to variance makes it ideal for case control study measurements.
What are odds ratios?
An indicator of how closely an incident is linked to exposure is the odds ratio (OR). The odds ratio compares two sets of probabilities: the likelihood that an event will occur in a group that has been exposed vs the likelihood that it will not. Odds ratios are frequently employed in case-control study reporting. The odds ratio aids in determining how likely it is for an exposure to cause a particular occurrence. The likelihood that the event will occur with exposure increases with the size of the odds ratio. Probability ratios below one indicates a lower probability of the event occurring given the exposure.
Odd ratio's insensitivity to variance makes it ideal for case control study measurements. It means that it doesn't get affected if variance is increased or decreased.
To learn more about odds ratios, click on the link below –
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