Direct characterization, they're telling you exactly what she's like, and not describing her, they're getting straight to the point
An example of foreshadowing that might be too obvious is announcing an event before it occurs. Like if this was a love story about if a struggling couple would get married, and the author foreshadows says something like "X booked the wedding at Naples", that's foreshadowing.
And now an example for something not foreshadowed enough; Like let's take the wedding example, and it ended with a phone call saying something like "I love your dog" and they just hang up, and the story ends. Like first, it was irrelevant, and second, that's not a cliffhanger or foreshadowing. So it's weak.
Establishing a claim in an argument is most like C. pointing out a problem that must be solved.
So, your claim is some sort of an issue that you want to get to the bottom of. For example, if your argument is - Smoking should be banned in public places - you are posing a question that you have to find an answer to based on your proof and other claims.
Relativism: This shows how similar we are as human beings and how we react, but the only difference is the huge history we hold in the small brain and mind we are.
True, but they're also used to separate sequential items in a sentence