The participial phrase is the phrase with the participle, which is a verbal form that can function as an adjective, for example "reading" in " the reading girl".
Here it's "taking" as in Taking a break: the correct answer is d.
Repetition usually tells us that the someone wants a large emphasis on this word: that it has a significant meaning to them, and/or possibly the whole tale itself.
Take notes and summarize your ideas in the writing would be the most efficient and effective way to pay attention and collect information in your class.