Answer:
Essay Outline: to plan an essay and organize it in a structured manner
Hook: to grab the attention of the reader
Summary: to provide a brief overview of the entire story or part of the story
Thesis: to present the central idea of the essay
Quotations from the Novel: to present evidence directly from the novel that supports the thesis
Parathetical Citations: to give credit to the author
Answer:
a. arbitrary
Explanation:
It is considered arbitrary because if there is nothing about the meaning that inevitably demands the use of that form or sound, it means that it was chosen based on random choice or personal whim rather than any reason or the use of any system.