Answer:
b. to amplify the signal
Explanation:
A multi-enzyme phosphorylation cascade is a series of signaling events where one enzyme phosphorylates to another, then this last enzyme acts to phosphorylate another protein and so successively, thereby triggering a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of hundreds or even thousands of proteins. A multi-enzyme phosphorylation cascade is known to increase the number of activated (phosphorylated) proteins at each step of the signaling cascade. Phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification capable of activating proteins during long periods, thereby a phosphorylation cascade also enables the activation of multiple proteins before these proteins become inactive again.
An atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion
Answer;
Seedless plant.
The fossil of a plant reveals that it produced spores that were used for reproduction. It was a seedless plant.
Explanation;
-Seedless vascular plants are plants such as fern and horsetails, liverworts, mosses; which contain vascular tissues, but do not produce flowers or seed.
-These plants reproduce using haploid , unicellular spores instead of seeds.
-These plants have life cycles with two distinct stages; one in which spores are produced and one in which sex cells are produced.
Short hair-like projections, many bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes make use of cilia for locomotion. Humans also make use of cilia - they are found in the respiratory system and are used to carry mucus.
