Assuming the italicized clause is <em>Since its establishment, </em>the correct answer here is elliptical clause.
Elliptical means that a word which would normally be part of a sentence is excluded, usually for stylistic reasons. Here, the verb is missing, which is why it is elliptical. The question is oddly formulated too - given that there is no verb here, it cannot be a clause, but rather a phrase, but since there is no such option here, then the correct answer is elliptical clause.
B or D because they seem really reasonable
3. The characters are presented in new or unusual ways.
The category of connective used in this sentence is show consequence.
Because the rain fell all day, the garden was wet - it is the consequence, the result.
The answer is B. exposition, the exposition gives info on the story and background characters before the plot takes place.
