A)australopithecus ; they were extinct 2million years ago before the homo habilis & homo erectes homonid groups.
It is when people stand by and watch what is happening instead of offering help or providing it in an emergency situation. This tends to occur because because people are too scared and/or shocked to help.
People commit crimes due to poverty, alcohol, drug, self-esteem issues, even because of their upbringing, etc. society should stop advertising drugs and alcohol in order to try and help the home environments.
Archetypes are a type of recurring or predictable theme that appear throughout history, since they are common things such as people revolting against their government, naive war mistakes, etc.