This is known as the Anaconda Plan.
This military strategy, developed by Union General Winfield Scott, was meant to starve the Confederacy out of their resources. Essentially, Scott felt that if the Confederacy could not trade for goods with other countries they would not be able to survive. This is due to the Confederacy's reliance on cotton as their main cash crop.
This strategy helps to explain why the US wanted to blockade trade with other countries as well as why the Union wanted to control the Mississippi River, as they knew control of this waterway could negatively impact the Confederacy's ability to transport/obtain resources.
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Their land was taken over, as was their food source, making it hard for them to survive. They did not have the same rights as Americans either until 1924. They were forced to live on reservations.
