Caffeine cause dose dependent prominent increase in force of contraction and period of contraction of muscle
<u>Explanation:</u>
Caffeine is widely used in foods and drinks. Its long time use can effect central nervous system include lethargy memory, sleep disorder and anxiety.
Increase in concentration of calcium ion will result increase number of power stroke and force for contraction. However latent period and relaxation period are unaffected by caffeine. Increase in concentration of calcium ion will result increase number of power stroke and force for contraction.
Because of calcium ion release in skeletal muscle, caffeine causes peripheral manifestation such as hyper-reflexia, muscle twitching etc.
High amount of caffeine leads to increase in release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum. It increases tension development in single tetanic contraction and re-initiate maximum tension in fatigue single myofibre by restoring Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum to non-fatigued levels.
<span>1. Neutrons are found __________ and have ___________ charge.
in the nucleus; neutral
Question 2. Which of the following particles has a positive charge?
proton
Question 3. Which of the following particles has a negative charge?
electron
Question 4.In which state of matter do the particles move somewhat freely but still not enough to fill the entire space of a container?
liquid
Question 5.In which state of matter are the particles the LEAST attracted to each other?
gas
I am 100% sure of these answers. Have a nice day.</span>
The tree topology
The lengths of the branches
The branching order of the tree
Nucleotide substitution rate
These would not affect maximum likelihood estimates of phylogenies when comparing different tree hypotheses.
<h3>What is tree topology?</h3>
- A unique kind of structure called a tree topology has numerous connected parts arranged like the branches of a tree.
<h3>The lengths of the branches:</h3>
- Branch lengths are a sign of genetic divergence; the longer the branch, the more genetic divergence has taken place.
- Usually, we calculate the average number of nucleotide or protein substitutions per site to assess the degree of genetic alteration.
<h3>The branching order of the tree:</h3>
- The topology of a tree refers to its branching structure.
- Species (or higher taxa), populations, genes, and proteins are examples of taxonomic units that the nodes represent.
- A branch is referred to as an edge, and it represents an estimate of the length of time between the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic units.
<h3>What is nucleotide substitution rate?</h3>
- The instantaneous rate of change from each of the four nucleotides to each of the other four nucleotides is summarized in the nucleotide substitution rate matrix.
To learn more about tree phylogeny visit:
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