Sigma notation. I just had a test on this, so this is pretty good timing.
Below the sigma, we see that k = 1. This means that 1 is the number you would substitute for k into the expression on the right to get the first term. In this case, the first term is -2. (2(1)² - 4)
Now, we can also find out the number of terms in the series by subtracting 1 (taken from k = 1) from the number on top of the sigma, 4, and then adding 1 to it.
4 - 1 + 1 = 4. This means there are 4 terms in the series.
See the remaining work in the attached file. You should get that the sum of the series is 44.
Well costheta=1, at 0, 2pi,... knowing this we can exclude the first two as the are not undefined anywhere. tan is sin/cos, at 0 sin is also 0 so it becomes 0/1 which is 0, not undefined. sec is1/cos, cos is 1, this is just 1 csc is 1/sin, sin is 0, 1/0 is undefined, meaning there will be an asymptote cot is cos/sin, this is again 1/0, so it is also an asymptote The last two answers are the ones you want